What are lithium-ion battery?

May 5, 2023Justlithiumbattery0 comments

Introduction to Lithium Batteries:

Lithium batteries, as one of the most widely used energy storage devices in modern society, have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. They are rechargeable batteries that store and release energy based on the movement of lithium ions. Compared to other types of batteries, they offer higher energy density, longer cycle life, and relatively lower self-discharge rates.

From our smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles and solar energy storage systems, lithium batteries are ubiquitous. They power our mobile devices, support the storage of renewable energy, and are even transforming our world, including the competitive future, metaverse, smart homes, and various new electronic devices. The rapid development of modern society is inseparable from a stable energy supply, highlighting some pain points in people’s demand for lithium batteries: the need for high stability and high energy density. Traditional energy supplies using fossil fuels cause significant environmental pollution. Later, solar energy was discovered as a clean energy source, but its utilization rate is limited. Lithium batteries perfectly address this issue, meeting the demand for higher utilization rates of clean energy.

Where Can I Buy Lithium Batteries?

The place to purchase lithium batteries depends on your identity and needs. Here are the options for different types of users:

For Dealers:

If you’re a dealer typically buying in bulk, looking for reasonably priced, reliable suppliers, your options include:

Manufacturer Direct Sales: Buying directly from lithium battery manufacturers, usually meaning lower prices and more direct customer service.
Wholesale Markets: Platforms like Alibaba, Global Sources, etc., offering product choices from multiple manufacturers.
Professional Battery Wholesalers: Companies specializing in various types of batteries, providing diverse product choices and professional consultation.

For Individual Consumers:

If you’re an individual consumer, you might focus more on convenience and retail channels:

Online Retailers: Like Amazon, eBay, etc., offering convenient shopping experiences.
Electronics Stores: Like Best Buy, Newegg, etc., typically providing various types of lithium batteries.
Specialty Battery Stores: Shops specializing in batteries and related accessories, offering professional advice.

For Solar Installers:

If you’re a solar installer, you need high-quality, reliable lithium batteries for solar systems, ensuring supplier stability and timely delivery:

Renewable Energy Suppliers: Companies specializing in solar system components, offering suitable lithium batteries for solar applications.
Industrial Battery Suppliers: Providing batteries for industrial applications, including large-capacity lithium batteries for solar systems.
Direct Purchasing from Manufacturers: Especially for large projects, working directly with battery manufacturers can be the most effective approach.

Six Main Types and Differences of Lithium Batteries:

1.Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Batteries:

Usage: Commonly abbreviated as LFP, made with phosphate as the cathode and graphite carbon as the anode. Typically with a nominal voltage of 3.2V, these batteries are often used to make 12.8V (4 in series) or 48V (15 in series) home energy storage battery packs for applications requiring long-term stable energy, like electric vehicles (including bikes and cars), solar energy storage systems, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and portable electronic devices.

Advantages:

LiFePO4 batteries exhibit higher safety under high temperatures and overcharging conditions, less prone to thermal runaway, with a thermal runaway threshold typically at 518°F.
Long Life: These batteries have a long cycle life, typically over 2000 charge-discharge cycles. (But life often varies based on usage temperature, humidity, discharge depth, etc. To avoid excessive discharge, it’s generally recommended to keep DoD under 80% in daily use.)
Good Stability: Excellent chemical stability, strong adaptability to the environment.

Disadvantages:

Lower Energy Density: Compared to other lithium batteries, LiFePO4 has a lower energy density, resulting in larger volume and weight.
Limited Power Density: Though providing stable energy, it’s slightly inferior in high-power output compared to some other lithium batteries.

Market Price: The price of LiFePO4 batteries is roughly between $0.8 to $1.5 per Wh, depending on the purchase quantity, manufacturer, and battery specifications.

Common Capacity Ranges: In commercial and industrial applications, their capacity ranges from several tens of amp-hours (Ah) to several hundred Ah, like 20Ah, 50Ah, 100Ah, etc.

2.Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) Batteries:

Usage: High in specific energy but lower in specific power, making them highly suitable for long-term, stable power supply in non-high-load applications. Primarily used in volume and weight-sensitive applications like mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, and other portable electronic devices.

Advantages:

High Energy Density: The main advantage of these batteries is their high energy density, meaning they provide more power in a smaller volume and weight.
High Output Voltage: Compared to other lithium battery types, LiCoO2 batteries offer higher single-cell voltage, generally around 3.7V.
Efficient Charging: Fast charging speed, suitable for quick charging needs.

Disadvantages:

High Cost: Due to the high price of cobalt, these batteries are relatively expensive.
Safety Concerns: Potential safety risks in overcharging, deep discharging, or high-temperature environments, requiring precise battery management systems for safety.
Shorter Cycle Life: Compared to other lithium battery types, they have a shorter cycle life, typically around 500-1000 cycles.

Market Price: Prices for LiCoO2 batteries are generally between $1.2 to $2.0 per Wh, but fluctuate with the market price of cobalt.

Common Capacity Ranges: In portable electronics, capacities typically range from several hundred milliamp-hours (mAh) to several thousand mAh, e.g., 1000mAh, 2000mAh, 3000mAh.

3.Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) Batteries:

Usage: These batteries use lithium manganese oxide as the cathode material. Their special three-dimensional structure improves internal ion flow and reduces internal resistance, offering high stability and minimal heat generation. Mainly used in devices requiring medium energy density and good safety, like power tools, electric bicycles, medical equipment, and some electric vehicles.

Advantages:

Good Safety Performance: Due to their chemically stable structure, they are safer than other lithium battery types in overcharging and short-circuit scenarios.
Lower Cost: Manganese is relatively abundant, making these batteries cheaper to produce than those using rare metals like cobalt.
Medium Energy Density: Although not as high as LiCoO2 batteries, they offer sufficient energy density for a wide range of applications.

Disadvantages:

Issues with Cycle Life and Temperature Stability: At high temperatures or over prolonged use, they may show capacity fading and shorter cycle life. Normal cycle numbers are usually between 300-700 cycles, shorter than other lithium battery types.
Limited Power Density: Compared to some other lithium battery types, they have lower power output.

Market Price: Prices for lithium manganese oxide batteries are usually between $1.0 to $1.5 per Wh, especially cost-effective in large-scale production.

Common Capacity Ranges: Capacities typically range from several hundred mAh to several thousand mAh, e.g., 1500mAh, 2500mAh, 3500mAh.

4.Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Batteries:

Usage: NMC batteries, with a cathode composed of nickel, cobalt, and manganese, offer both stability and high energy density. Widely used in applications requiring high energy density and good overall performance, such as electric vehicles, portable electronics, power tools, and energy storage systems.

Advantages:

High Energy Density: NMC batteries provide high energy density, resulting in smaller and lighter batteries.
Good Overall Performance: These batteries exhibit a good balance in power output, temperature range, and cycle life.
Lower Material Costs: Compared to high-cobalt-content lithium batteries, NMC batteries have lower costs due to the use of nickel and manganese as the main materials.

Disadvantages:

Thermal Stability Issues: In high-temperature environments, NMC batteries may face thermal stability challenges.
Use of Cobalt: Although the cobalt proportion is lower, cobalt mining and supply chain issues remain a consideration.

Market Price: Prices for NMC batteries are around $1.2 to $2.0 per Wh, depending on the specifications and market conditions.

Common Capacity Ranges: Capacities range from several hundred mAh to several thousand mAh, e.g., 2000mAh, 3000mAh, 5000mAh.

5.Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA) Batteries:

Usage: Primarily used in applications that require high energy density, such as electric vehicles, electric bicycles, high-end portable electronics, and aerospace applications.

Advantages:

Extremely High Energy Density: The main advantage of NCA batteries is their outstanding energy density, making them an ideal choice for lightweight applications.
Good Cycle Stability: With proper management, these batteries can provide a good cycle life.
High Voltage Output: Compared to other types of lithium batteries, NCA batteries offer higher voltage levels, enhancing energy output efficiency.

Disadvantages:

Cost and Rare Materials: Containing cobalt and aluminum, the manufacturing cost of these batteries is higher, and material sourcing may pose challenges.
Thermal Stability Considerations: Under certain conditions, NCA batteries may face thermal stability issues, requiring precise battery management systems to ensure safety.

Market Price: The price range for NCA batteries is typically between $1.5 to $2.5 per Wh, varying based on production scale, manufacturing processes, and market demand.

Common Capacity Ranges: The usual capacities for NCA batteries range from 2000mAh to 6000mAh, suitable for various high-energy-demand applications.

6.Lithium Titanate (LTO) Batteries:

Usage: Due to their unique characteristics, LTO batteries are often used in applications requiring rapid charging and discharging, high safety, and long lifespan, such as public transportation (electric buses, electric trains), energy storage systems, medical equipment, and some specialized industrial applications.

Advantages:

Extremely High Safety: LTO batteries exhibit higher safety due to their excellent chemical stability, especially in overcharging, deep discharging, or high-temperature environments.
Rapid Charge/Discharge Capability: These batteries can be charged in a very short time and can also release energy quickly.
Long Cycle Life: Compared to other types of lithium batteries, LTO batteries offer a significantly longer cycle life, typically exceeding 5000 charge-discharge cycles.

Disadvantages:

Lower Energy Density: Compared to other lithium batteries, LTO batteries have lower energy density, resulting in larger volume and heavier weight.
Higher Cost: The production cost of lithium titanate batteries is relatively high, partly due to the materials and manufacturing processes used.

Market Price: The price of LTO batteries generally ranges from $2.0 to $4.0 per Wh, depending on the battery specifications and purchase volume.

Common Capacity Ranges: LTO batteries are usually used in high-power applications, with capacities ranging from small tens of amp-hours (Ah) to large hundreds of Ah.

Which is the Most Common Type of Lithium Battery and Which is the Best?

Among the various types of lithium batteries, the most common ones are Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4), Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4). These types are widely used in a range of devices and applications due to their specific advantages.

Which Lithium Battery is the Best?

Determining the “best” type of lithium battery depends on the specific application requirements and performance criteria. Each type of lithium battery has its unique advantages and limitations:

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2): Offers high energy density, ideal for volume and weight-sensitive portable electronics like smartphones and laptops.
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4): Known for its good safety performance and medium energy density, commonly used in power tools and electric bicycles.
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC): Combines energy density, power density, and relatively longer life, making it ideal for electric vehicles and energy storage systems.
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4): Favored for its excellent thermal stability and long life, suitable for electric vehicles and solar energy storage systems.

Therefore, choosing the “best” lithium battery type requires considering application scenarios, cost-effectiveness, weight requirements, safety, and battery lifespan. For example, for applications requiring long-term stability and safety, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries might be the best choice, while for portable electronics, Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) batteries may be more preferable.

Difference Between Energy Density and Power Density in Lithium Batteries:

Energy Density: It refers to the amount of energy a battery can store relative to its weight or volume. Higher energy density means the battery can store more energy for its size or weight, making it ideal for applications where size and weight are critical factors, like in portable electronics.
Power Density: This is a measure of how quickly a battery can release its energy. Higher power density means the battery can deliver more power at a given moment, making it suitable for applications that require rapid energy discharge, such as electric vehicles and power tools.

What’s the difference between energy density and power density in lithium batteries?

Battery Type	Energy Density	Power Density	Common Uses
LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)	~90-120 Wh/kg	~200-600 W/kg	Electric vehicles, Energy storage
LiCoO2 (Lithium Cobalt Oxide)	~150-200 Wh/kg	~300-600 W/kg	Portable electronics, Mobile phones
LiMn2O4 (Lithium Manganese Oxide)	~100-150 Wh/kg	~300-700 W/kg	Power tools, Electric bicycles
NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt)	~150-220 Wh/kg	~250-1000 W/kg	Electric vehicles, Power tools
NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum)	~200-280 Wh/kg	~400-1000 W/kg	High-end portable electronics, Electric vehicles
LTO (Lithium Titanate)	~60-80 Wh/kg	~1000-10000 W/kg	Public transportation, Grid storage

The world’s top 7 lithium-ion battery manufacturers:

CATL (Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited)

Headquartered in China, CATL is a global leader in lithium-ion battery manufacturing, renowned for its innovative and high-performance products in the electric vehicle battery sector.

LG Chem

South Korea’s LG Chem is famous for its high-quality residential and commercial lithium battery products, particularly excelling in batteries for electric vehicles and energy storage systems.

Panasonic

Japan’s Panasonic has long been a pioneer in lithium battery technology, with its products widely used in portable electronic devices and Tesla electric vehicles.

BYD (Build Your Dreams)

China’s BYD, not only a manufacturer of electric vehicles but also produces high-quality lithium batteries, especially for electric transportation and energy storage systems.

Samsung SDI

South Korea’s Samsung SDI is known for its innovative lithium-ion battery technology, widely used in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage fields.

EVE Energy

China’s EVE Energy focuses on developing and manufacturing high-performance lithium batteries, covering products from small electronic devices to large-scale energy storage solutions.

REPT (Renergy Power Technology)

REPT stands out in the lithium battery industry with its advanced R&D and production capabilities, primarily focusing on providing efficient batteries for electric vehicles and energy storage systems.

Each company has its unique strengths and specialties, collectively driving the global development and innovation of lithium battery technology.

Lithium batteries’ lifecycle and cycle count comparison:

Battery Type	Lifespan	Cycle Count
LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)	5-10 years	2000-3000 cycles
LiCoO2 (Lithium Cobalt Oxide)	2-3 years	500-1000 cycles
LiMn2O4 (Lithium Manganese Oxide)	3-5 years	500-1000 cycles
NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt)	3-5 years	1000-2000 cycles
NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum)	3-5 years	1000-2000 cycles
LTO (Lithium Titanate)	10-20 years	3000-7000 cycles

Are lithium batteries environmentally friendly?

Lithium batteries present a complex duality in terms of environmental impact. On one hand, they support the use of renewable energy, such as solar and wind power storage, helping reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lower carbon emissions. On the other hand, the production and recycling process of lithium batteries involve environmental and social issues, including the mining of rare metals and disposal of battery waste. Although modern technology is striving to make lithium battery production more sustainable, their environmental friendliness still depends on the management of the entire lifecycle and the implementation of innovative recycling methods. However, with countries gradually introducing lithium battery recycling measures, such as the European Union, which has enacted several related laws, the entire process is aimed at contributing to carbon neutrality.

Tips for Extending the Lifespan of Lithium Batteries:

Avoid Extreme Temperatures: Try not to use or store lithium batteries in overly hot or cold environments. The ideal temperature range is room temperature.
Gentle Charging and Discharging: Avoid fully charging or discharging the battery; keeping the charge state between 20% and 80% is ideal.
Reduce Rapid Charging: Although convenient, minimize the use of rapid charging as it can accelerate the chemical degradation of the battery.
Regular Use: Lithium batteries that are not used for extended periods also degrade gradually. Regular use and proper charging and discharging help maintain battery health.
Use the Appropriate Charger: Use a charger compatible with the battery to prevent overcharging or excessive current damage.
Avoid Physical Damage: Protect the battery from falls and impacts, as physical damage can lead to internal structural damage.

Components of a Lithium Battery :

Lithium batteries are composed of several key components, including the cell, protection board, connecting wires, casing, etc., each playing a vital role in the battery’s functionality and safety. For a more in-depth understanding of these components’ specific functions and design, please refer to our detailed article, “How do lithium batteries work.” There, you will find detailed information about each component and how they work together to ensure the battery’s efficiency and safety.

How Lithium Batteries Work:

The working principle of lithium batteries is based on the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes. This process involves electrochemical reactions, allowing the battery to store and release energy. To delve deeper into this complex and intricate mechanism, including the battery’s charging and discharging process and internal chemical reactions, I recommend reading our specialized article. For more in-depth information, please visit “How do lithium batteries work,” where you will find a comprehensive explanation of how lithium batteries operate and their performance in various applications.

Why is BMS necessary for lithium batteries?

You might frequently hear people cautioning against overcharging lithium-ion batteries, but you rarely hear warnings about overcharging lead-acid batteries. Is this just a coincidence? Clearly not, because their principles are indeed different. When lead-acid batteries are charged, it’s essentially a chemical reaction between the positive and negative electrodes. This process gradually stops after reaching a certain level of charge. So, for lead-acid batteries, even after they are fully charged, you might need to charge them a bit more, often referred to as “float charging.” This ensures that the chemical reaction is more complete, allowing the storage of more energy. However, during lithium-ion battery charging, although it is also a chemical reaction, it doesn’t stop when the battery is full. If you continue to charge, lithium ions keep moving. During charging, lithium ions move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, and during discharging, they move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. Continuous charging means that ions keep entering the negative electrode, and if too many ions accumulate on the negative electrode, it can prevent the proper release of lithium ions, leading to overcharging.

What Happens When a Lithium-Ion Battery Is Overcharged?

This is a situation we must avoid because lithium-ion batteries, being high-energy-density products, are prone to risks such as thermal runaway, fire, or even explosion when overcharged.
What Precautions Are Taken in Modern Lithium-Ion Batteries to Prevent Overcharging?
Internally, batteries have protection circuits or lithium-ion-specific chargers are used along with appropriate charging voltages to prevent overcharging.

How does BMS works?

The BMS includes multiple sensing lines, each connected to individual cells comprising the battery pack. This allows real-time monitoring of the voltage of each cell. When the voltage of one cell exceeds the set limit, even if other cells are not fully charged, the protection circuit immediately cuts off the power source to stop charging, preventing overcharging.

Discharge Curve of Lithium Batteries:

The discharge curve of lithium batteries is one of the key factors in understanding battery performance, showing the changes in voltage and capacity during the discharge process. These curves are crucial for assessing the practical performance of batteries. To explore the discharge characteristics of lithium batteries further, including comparisons of curves from different types of lithium batteries and how to interpret these data, I recommend reading our detailed article. For more related information, please visit “Ultimate Guide to Battery Voltage Chart,” where you can find comprehensive analyses and explanations to better understand and apply these key data.

Applications of Lithium Batteries:

Electric Vehicles (EV)

Lithium batteries, known for their high energy density and longevity, find extensive applications in the EV sector. Here’s a breakdown of various EV applications:

Forklift Battery: Provides efficient and lasting power, reducing downtime and enhancing logistic operations.
Motorcycle Battery: Enables lighter motorcycles with quick acceleration and longer travel distances.
E-Scooter Battery: Offers a convenient solution for short urban commutes, compact and efficient.
Hoverboard Battery: Powers this popular personal entertainment device with steady energy output.
RV (Recreational Vehicle) Battery: Supplies long-term stable power for various electronic devices during journeys.
Marine Battery: Delivers clean and efficient power for boats, reducing reliance on traditional fuels.
AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) Battery: Plays a vital role in automated logistics, offering enduring and reliable energy.
Wheelchair Battery: Enhances the autonomy and comfort of electric wheelchairs, improving mobility for users.
E-Skateboard Battery: Powers electric skateboards, making them a trendy mode of personal transport.
Golf-carts Battery: Provides longer travel ranges and lower maintenance costs.
Trolling Motor Battery: Offers quiet and efficient power for fishing boats and other leisure activities.

Home Energy Storage

Lithium batteries are increasingly popular in home energy storage systems due to their efficiency and capacity. Here’s a look at some key applications in this category:

Solar Light Battery: Powers solar lighting solutions, offering an eco-friendly and cost-effective way to light up outdoor spaces.
Home ESS (Energy Storage System) Battery: Provides backup power and enhances energy independence by storing energy from the grid or solar panels.
Server Rack Battery: Ensures uninterrupted power supply for home servers, critical for data protection and network reliability.
Stackable Battery: Offers a modular and scalable energy storage solution, allowing homeowners to expand capacity as needed.
Solar ESS Battery: Stores solar energy for later use, maximizing the utilization of renewable energy in homes.
Telecom Battery: Used in home telecom equipment to ensure continuous operation during power outages.
Wall-Mounted Battery: Space-saving solution that integrates with home energy systems, providing backup and energy management.

Commercial and Industrial Energy Storage

In the realm of commercial and industrial energy storage, lithium batteries play a crucial role due to their efficiency and scalability. Here’s how they’re being used:

Containerized Storage Battery: Large-scale energy storage solutions housed in shipping containers, ideal for managing energy demands in commercial and industrial settings.
Microgrid Storage Battery: Crucial for stabilizing microgrids, these batteries store and distribute energy in localized energy networks, often in remote or off-grid locations.
Off-Grid Storage Battery: Provides reliable power in areas without access to the electrical grid, essential for remote commercial operations and industries.
Renewable Energy Storage Battery: Stores energy from renewable sources like solar and wind, ensuring a steady supply even when weather conditions change.
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) Battery: Offers backup power to commercial and industrial facilities, maintaining operations during power outages and preventing data loss.

Equipment Energy Storage

Lithium batteries have revolutionized power storage in various equipment, enhancing efficiency and portability. Here are some key applications:

Chainsaw Battery: Powers electric chainsaws, offering a cleaner, quieter alternative to gasoline models with consistent performance.
Robot Battery: Essential for robotics, providing long-lasting and reliable energy for automation and advanced functionalities.
Floor Scrubber Battery: Enables cordless operation of floor scrubbers, increasing mobility and ease of use in cleaning tasks.
Alarm System Battery: Ensures uninterrupted operation of security alarm systems, crucial for safety and security.
Light Battery: Powers a range of lighting equipment from industrial lights to portable lamps, offering durability and long life.
IoT Devices Battery: Provides energy for Internet of Things devices, crucial for their connectivity and continuous operation.
CCTV Battery: Essential for wireless security cameras, ensuring continuous surveillance and security monitoring.
Power Tools Battery: Drives a variety of power tools, enabling cordless operation for greater flexibility and convenience.
Hedge Trimmer Battery: Powers electric hedge trimmers, providing a more eco-friendly and quieter gardening solution.
Fish Finder Battery: Keeps fish finders running during long fishing trips, crucial for locating fish.
Flashlight Battery: Offers long-lasting power for flashlights, essential in emergency kits and outdoor activities.
Lawn Mower Battery: Fuels electric lawn mowers, providing an eco-friendly and quieter alternative to traditional gas mowers.
Traction Battery: Used in electric traction applications, including electric bikes and scooters.
Vape Battery: Powers vaping devices, offering high capacity and reliability.
Portable Electronics Battery: Essential in a wide range of portable gadgets, from cameras to gaming devices.
Starting Battery: Used in electric start systems for various engines and machines.

Author Profile

Thomas Chen

Thomas Chen is a seasoned expert in the new energy industry, with a focus on lithium battery technology. A Shenzhen University alumnus, class of 2010, Thomas has cultivated a wealth of experience through pivotal roles at EVE and BYD. Renowned for his profound insights into the sector, he possesses a unique aptitude for identifying market trends and understanding customer needs. His articles offer a distinctive perspective, drawn from a rich background in the field.

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Introduction to Lithium Batteries:

Lithium batteries, as one of the most widely used energy storage devices in modern society, have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. They are rechargeable batteries that store and release energy based on the movement of lithium ions. Compared to other types of batteries, they offer higher energy density, longer cycle life, and relatively lower self-discharge rates.

From our smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles and solar energy storage systems, lithium batteries are ubiquitous. They power our mobile devices, support the storage of renewable energy, and are even transforming our world, including the competitive future, metaverse, smart homes, and various new electronic devices. The rapid development of modern society is inseparable from a stable energy supply, highlighting some pain points in people’s demand for lithium batteries: the need for high stability and high energy density. Traditional energy supplies using fossil fuels cause significant environmental pollution. Later, solar energy was discovered as a clean energy source, but its utilization rate is limited. Lithium batteries perfectly address this issue, meeting the demand for higher utilization rates of clean energy.