About Lithium Voltage Range – All you need to know
Introduction:
Our standard lithium-ion batteries can be divided into lithium iron phosphate batteries, ternary batteries, and polymer lithium-ion batteries. Their nominal voltage, full charge voltage, and discharge voltage are different. Understanding their operating voltage range can help us use batteries safely and monitor battery health anytime.
Everything you need to know about the operating voltage range of lithium-ion batteries:
Operating voltage range of lithium-ion batteries:
Theoretically, the operating voltage range of lithium-ion batteries is 2.5V-4.2V.
Limited charging voltage for lithium-ion batteries:
4.2V, BMS usually controls the voltage at 4.0V-4.2V to avoid accidental overcharging. A lower charging cut-off voltage can appropriately extend cell life, but this will cause a reduction in available capacity, so a balance point will be found based on different uses.
Cut-off discharge voltage of lithium-ion battery:
2.5V, BMS usually controls the voltage at 2.5V-3.0V to avoid accidental over-discharge. A higher charging cut-off voltage can appropriately extend cell life, but this will cause a reduction in available capacity so that a balance point will be found based on different uses.
Lithium-ion battery cycle life:
The cycle life of lithium-ion cells from different manufacturers is different, which is determined by the manufacturing process. At the same time, different uses will also affect the actual life of the cell. If used as energy storage, the lifespan of a lithium-ion battery is about 1500-2500 cycles. You can see these data from the original battery cell specifications of CATL or Gotion. If used as power, such as powering an engine, the cycle life is about 800-1200 times, which is much lower.
Why is the lifespan of different application scenarios so different? Because their discharge rates and discharge depths are usually different. If you look at the cell specifications, you will find that the cycle life depends on the Discharge C-Rate and the discharge depth, and the effective capacity decay curve is also very different. For cells, the ideal state is the lowest possible Discharge C-rate and depth of discharge (DoD). Otherwise, the effective capacity will decrease faster.
C-Rate for lithium-ion batteries:
Usually, the maximum charge and discharge C-Rate can reach 2C and 3C, and some Samsung models can reach 8C and 10C. Regarding what C-Rate is, we have a detailed introduction in another article: What Does Ah on the battery label mean? The recommended charge for half is 1C, and the discharge is 2C-3C.
How to calculate the charging voltage of a lithium-ion battery?
The charging voltage of the lithium-ion battery pack is determined by the number of cells connected in series. Multiplying 4.2V by the number of cells connected in series is the maximum charging voltage.
For example, for the 51.8V 50Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack, we divide 51.8V by the voltage of a single lithium-ion cell, 3.7V, and calculate 51.8/3.7=14, which means that this battery is composed of 14 3.7V lithium-ion cells. Formed in series. As for the number of parallel connections, it can be calculated, but it does not affect the charging voltage, so we don’t need to consider it for the time being. Then we combine the above knowledge to understand that the single charging voltage of a lithium-ion cell is 4.2V, which means that the actual charging voltage we need is 4.2V*14s=58.8V, which is the charging voltage we need.
Have you figured out the pattern? That’s right, you only need 2 steps to calculate the charging voltage you need:
- Rated voltage/maximum charging voltage of lithium-ion cell = number of lithium-ion cells in series: A
- A*4.2V=the charging voltage you need
Everything you need to know about the operating voltage range of lithium iron phosphate batteries:
Working voltage range of lithium iron phosphate battery:
Theoretically, the operating voltage range of lithium iron phosphate batteries is 2.0V-3.65V.
Limit charging voltage of lithium iron phosphate battery:
3.65V, BMS usually controls the voltage at 3.50V-3.65V to avoid accidental overcharging. A lower charging cut-off voltage can appropriately extend cell life, but this will cause a reduction in available capacity so that a balance point will be found based on different uses.
Cut-off discharge voltage of lithium iron phosphate battery:
2.0V, BMS usually controls the voltage at 2.2V-2.5V to avoid accidental over-discharge. A higher charging cut-off voltage can appropriately extend cell life, but this will cause a reduction in available capacity so that a balance point will be found based on different uses.
Cycle life of lithium iron phosphate battery:
Similar to lithium-ion batteries, different lithium-iron phosphate cells have different lifespans. If used for energy storage, the cycle life is about 3500-6000 cycles, but if used for power purposes, the lifespan is only about 1500-2000 times.
C-Rate of lithium iron phosphate battery:
Usually, the maximum charge and discharge C-Rate is 1C, the recommended charge is 0.5C, and the discharge is 1C.
How to calculate the charging voltage of a lithium iron phosphate battery?
The charging voltage of the lithium iron phosphate battery pack is determined by the number of cells connected in series. Multiplying 3.65V by the number of cells connected in series is the maximum charging voltage.
For example, for the 48V 50Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack, we divide 48V by the voltage of a single lithium-ion cell, 3.2V, and calculate 48/3.2=15, which means that this battery is composed of 154 3.2V lithium-ion cells connected in series. Become. As for the number of parallel connections, it can, of course, be calculated, but it does not affect the charging voltage, so we don’t need to consider it for the time being. Then, we combine the above knowledge to understand that the single charging voltage of a lithium iron phosphate cell is 3.65V, which means that the actual charging voltage we need is 3.65V*15s=54.75V, which is the charging voltage we need.
Have you figured out the pattern? That’s right, you only need 2 steps to calculate the charging voltage you need:
- Rated voltage/Maximum charging voltage of lithium iron phosphate cell = Number of lithium iron phosphate cells connected in series: A
- A*3.65V=the charging voltage you need
Finally, how should we calculate the charging voltage of polymer lithium-ion batteries?
The calculation method is the same as the lithium-ion battery mentioned at the beginning because the polymer lithium-ion battery is also a lithium-ion battery, so the parameters are similar.
Author Profile
Thomas Chen
Thomas Chen is a seasoned expert in the new energy industry, with a focus on lithium battery technology. A Shenzhen University alumnus, class of 2010, Thomas has cultivated a wealth of experience through pivotal roles at EVE and BYD. Renowned for his profound insights into the sector, he possesses a unique aptitude for identifying market trends and understanding customer needs. His articles offer a distinctive perspective, drawn from a rich background in the field.
Introduction:
Our standard lithium-ion batteries can be divided into lithium iron phosphate batteries, ternary batteries, and polymer lithium-ion batteries. Their nominal voltage, full charge voltage, and discharge voltage are different. Understanding their operating voltage range can help us use batteries safely and monitor battery health anytime.
Everything you need to know about the operating voltage range of lithium-ion batteries:
Operating voltage range of lithium-ion batteries:
Theoretically, the operating voltage range of lithium-ion batteries is 2.5V-4.2V.
Limited charging voltage for lithium-ion batteries:
4.2V, BMS usually controls the voltage at 4.0V-4.2V to avoid accidental overcharging. A lower charging cut-off voltage can appropriately extend cell life, but this will cause a reduction in available capacity, so a balance point will be found based on different uses.
Cut-off discharge voltage of lithium-ion battery:
2.5V, BMS usually controls the voltage at 2.5V-3.0V to avoid accidental over-discharge. A higher charging cut-off voltage can appropriately extend cell life, but this will cause a reduction in available capacity so that a balance point will be found based on different uses.
Lithium-ion battery cycle life:
The cycle life of lithium-ion cells from different manufacturers is different, which is determined by the manufacturing process. At the same time, different uses will also affect the actual life of the cell. If used as energy storage, the lifespan of a lithium-ion battery is about 1500-2500 cycles. You can see these data from the original battery cell specifications of CATL or Gotion. If used as power, such as powering an engine, the cycle life is about 800-1200 times, which is much lower.
Why is the lifespan of different application scenarios so different? Because their discharge rates and discharge depths are usually different. If you look at the cell specifications, you will find that the cycle life depends on the Discharge C-Rate and the discharge depth, and the effective capacity decay curve is also very different. For cells, the ideal state is the lowest possible Discharge C-rate and depth of discharge (DoD). Otherwise, the effective capacity will decrease faster.
C-Rate for lithium-ion batteries:
Usually, the maximum charge and discharge C-Rate can reach 2C and 3C, and some Samsung models can reach 8C and 10C. Regarding what C-Rate is, we have a detailed introduction in another article: What Does Ah on the battery label mean? The recommended charge for half is 1C, and the discharge is 2C-3C.
How to calculate the charging voltage of a lithium-ion battery?
The charging voltage of the lithium-ion battery pack is determined by the number of cells connected in series. Multiplying 4.2V by the number of cells connected in series is the maximum charging voltage.
For example, for the 51.8V 50Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack, we divide 51.8V by the voltage of a single lithium-ion cell, 3.7V, and calculate 51.8/3.7=14, which means that this battery is composed of 14 3.7V lithium-ion cells. Formed in series. As for the number of parallel connections, it can be calculated, but it does not affect the charging voltage, so we don’t need to consider it for the time being. Then we combine the above knowledge to understand that the single charging voltage of a lithium-ion cell is 4.2V, which means that the actual charging voltage we need is 4.2V*14s=58.8V, which is the charging voltage we need.
Have you figured out the pattern? That’s right, you only need 2 steps to calculate the charging voltage you need:
- Rated voltage/maximum charging voltage of lithium-ion cell = number of lithium-ion cells in series: A
- A*4.2V=the charging voltage you need
Everything you need to know about the operating voltage range of lithium iron phosphate batteries:
Working voltage range of lithium iron phosphate battery:
Theoretically, the operating voltage range of lithium iron phosphate batteries is 2.0V-3.65V.
Limit charging voltage of lithium iron phosphate battery:
3.65V, BMS usually controls the voltage at 3.50V-3.65V to avoid accidental overcharging. A lower charging cut-off voltage can appropriately extend cell life, but this will cause a reduction in available capacity so that a balance point will be found based on different uses.
Cut-off discharge voltage of lithium iron phosphate battery:
2.0V, BMS usually controls the voltage at 2.2V-2.5V to avoid accidental over-discharge. A higher charging cut-off voltage can appropriately extend cell life, but this will cause a reduction in available capacity so that a balance point will be found based on different uses.
Cycle life of lithium iron phosphate battery:
Similar to lithium-ion batteries, different lithium-iron phosphate cells have different lifespans. If used for energy storage, the cycle life is about 3500-6000 cycles, but if used for power purposes, the lifespan is only about 1500-2000 times.
C-Rate of lithium iron phosphate battery:
Usually, the maximum charge and discharge C-Rate is 1C, the recommended charge is 0.5C, and the discharge is 1C.
How to calculate the charging voltage of a lithium iron phosphate battery?
The charging voltage of the lithium iron phosphate battery pack is determined by the number of cells connected in series. Multiplying 3.65V by the number of cells connected in series is the maximum charging voltage.
For example, for the 48V 50Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack, we divide 48V by the voltage of a single lithium-ion cell, 3.2V, and calculate 48/3.2=15, which means that this battery is composed of 154 3.2V lithium-ion cells connected in series. Become. As for the number of parallel connections, it can, of course, be calculated, but it does not affect the charging voltage, so we don’t need to consider it for the time being. Then, we combine the above knowledge to understand that the single charging voltage of a lithium iron phosphate cell is 3.65V, which means that the actual charging voltage we need is 3.65V*15s=54.75V, which is the charging voltage we need.
Have you figured out the pattern? That’s right, you only need 2 steps to calculate the charging voltage you need:
- Rated voltage/Maximum charging voltage of lithium iron phosphate cell = Number of lithium iron phosphate cells connected in series: A
- A*3.65V=the charging voltage you need
Finally, how should we calculate the charging voltage of polymer lithium-ion batteries?
The calculation method is the same as the lithium-ion battery mentioned at the beginning because the polymer lithium-ion battery is also a lithium-ion battery, so the parameters are similar.
Author Profile
Thomas Chen
Thomas Chen is a seasoned expert in the new energy industry, with a focus on lithium battery technology. A Shenzhen University alumnus, class of 2010, Thomas has cultivated a wealth of experience through pivotal roles at EVE and BYD. Renowned for his profound insights into the sector, he possesses a unique aptitude for identifying market trends and understanding customer needs. His articles offer a distinctive perspective, drawn from a rich background in the field.
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